Internal static and dynamic routing

In an autonomous system of two routers inside of each other routers. For example, because the core form an autonomous system, the two Internet routers, core routers inside each other. The two university campuses within the router, the router also each other, because all the machines in the campus are part of the same autonomous system.

Autonomous system of routers to obtain information on the internal network, the system information? In the small, slow changes in the interconnection network, administrators can use the manual way to establish and modify the route. Managers keep a form on the network, and new networks to the autonomous system or from the autonomous system to remove a network, update the table. For such interconnection network routing cost will be negligible because only one route between any two points. Way managers can manually configure all hosts and routers routing. Interconnection network to change state (such as adding a network), the manager re-configure all the machines on the route.

Obvious shortcomings of artificial systems, it can not meet the network's rapid growth or rapid change. In the large, rapidly changing environment, such as Internet network, people slow response to changing circumstances, no time to deal with the problem; must use the automatic mechanism. Automatic mechanism will also help improve reliability, and some routed interconnection networks of small variable failure to take response measures.

After an increase of R5 enables network routers 2 and 3, more than a backup path between the original route when the fault, the routing software to quickly switch to the alternate route

Have more than one physical path for the interconnection network architecture, management is usually one of the basic path. If the basic path of the routers fail, we must change the routing so that communication traffic through the standby router to transmit. Artificial means to change the routing of a wrong time-consuming and easy. Thus, even a small Internet, the moving mechanism should also be of use to quickly and reliably change the route.

In order to automatically maintain accurate up information networks, to communicate between the internal router, that router and can get another router to exchange network reachability, data or network routing information. The entire autonomous system can be brought together to reach the information, the system, a router on the use of EGP them a notice to the other autonomous systems.

Internal communications and external routers routers communicate the difference is: EGP provides for the external router widely used communications standard, but the internal routers do not have a single communications standard. One of the reasons for this situation is the autonomous system topology and the diversity of specific technologies. Another reason is simple and powerful compromise between, that is easy to install and configure the protocols often fail to provide powerful functionality. Therefore, application of popular communication protocol in the internal router there are many, but most choose only one of the autonomous system in-house to disseminate routing information.

Since there is no single standard, we use an internal gateway protocol IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) as collectively to describe all the internal routers used to exchange information and network routing information up to the algorithm. For example, the core router Butterfly pose a particular autonomous system, which uses an internal gateway protocol SPREAD as its IGP. Some autonomous systems for use EGP to IGP, but it has a broadcast function to those from the local area network composed of small autonomous systems do not have much significance.

IGP1 and IGP2 autonomous systems, respectively, 1 and 2 using the internal gateway protocol.

Important concept:

A single router can use two kinds of routing protocols, one for communication outside the autonomous system to another autonomous system for internal communication.

Specifically, the circular running EGP reachability router, usually need to run a kind of IGP, in order to obtain information about its autonomy within the system.







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Production of realistic leaves with Maya

Final results shown below



Tutorial Difficulty Level: Intermediate

1. First of all, meet their needs to find a leaf, the best is pretty complete, and then scanned or photographed with a digital camera, the positive and negative, the best three million pixels or more.

The leaves into photoshop, effect is color. One of them as a model reference format; also used to map, note the positive and negative color difference between the leaves, the picture format size, the best preserved best.



2. Open maya replace to top View View> Camera Attribute Editor opens camera properties to find Environment> Image Plane click Create in the imagePlan> Image Plane Attributes> Image Name the folder into the right side of the leaves of the model reference image.

Remove Grid Show> Gril remove check symbols.









[Next]



3.Create> Polygon Primitives> Cube build a multi-party co-deformation, according to the ratio of leaf size adjustment, leaf thickness point of appropriate amplification.



4.Edit Polygons> Cut Face Tool classified according to the structure of leaf leaves line the main structure.



5. Select the area between the leaves and petioles Edit polygons> Extrude Face (Figure squeeze out a face, select the area to keep key press G to continue to squeeze the petiole.





6. Select Edit polygons> Split Polyon Tool to draw the structure of the leaves, pay attention to the structure in place to facilitate accurate mapping later.







[Next]



7. The right choice model leaves the cursor in front edge of a side and then click on the leaf margin Edit polygons> Selection> Select Contiguous Edges

Select an edge (if you installed the MJ Poly Tool can also use the MJ Poly Tool> Select Loop) pull the edge of the line width of the leaves.





8. And then adjust the leaf models, right-choice model against the leaves Face, and then select the row below the leaf surface, delete half of the face.



9. Deleted the history of maya Edit> Delete by Type> History. To continue to add lines to adjust, pay attention to the structure of the leaves to accurately place, a section of the vein of the bump will not be too obvious, the last received.







[Next]



10. Leaves around the front and bottom structure, like, Polygons> mirror Geomtry square icon on the right, check-Y. Mirroring the other half.



11. Model built up to the original reference picture deleted Window> Rendering Editors> Hypershade identify Cameras, delete the leaf image on the line.



12. Finally, the positive and negative adjustment of leaves of different details are.



13. Model built for the next step on the sub-uv. According to the characteristics of the leaves, leaves both the positive and negative is just a half, uv is also split into two parts.

Window> Rendering Editors> Hypershade to add a blinn leaf material, double-click the Color blinn material leaves the right side of the square icon to add a hecker> plac2dTexture3> Repeat Uv 5, whether the concept of wiping leaves Uv stretch (or based on personal hobby look no further images to observe)







[Next]



14. Select leaves half of the face, to the leaf model of a plane projection.



15. Projection surface when attention to check the Y.



16. Window> uv Texture Editor uv editor window opens, right-facing leaf choice uv, press W key to pull leaves the side of the uv line.



17. Observe and adjust the leaves of uv, in the perspective to see the black and white checkered pattern for the leaves do not stretching, and then pulled the two leaves room for 0-1 inside.



18. Uv editor, select leaves uv, Polygons> uv Snapshot to start the uv line to save the picture to your computer.







[Next]



19. Modified Size size, which according to the actual need, but also save the path and format.



20. To save the uv into photoshop.



21. A new layer then scanned or photographed with a digital camera leaves the positive and negative uv into photoshop.
Uv image size to maintain constant, adjust the size and proportion of leaf size and uv, the best picture than the uv line leaves a large point, save the image.



22. Open maya select Window> Rendering Editors> Hypershade double blinn in Color on the right-Break Conntion interrupted the previous sub-uv black and white grid

Further improve the texture into photoshop to give the leaves of the model.



23. Then if we find where the partial map, and then adjust the uv.






[Next]

24. Select the leaf model Polgons> Smooth to the right of the box configuration election Smooth UVs.



25. Finalization










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Single-core Conroe two series were named Pentium, Celeron

Pentium Pentium, Celeron Celeron - as we prepared to leave with two classic brands reluctant to part time, Intel has decided to continue the effectiveness of both. Second quarter of 2007, Intel will introduce a single-core Conroe-L processors, named Pentium E1000; the third quarter, single-core Conroe-L is a more low-end extension of the series, named Celeron 400, the two will replace the current Pentium 4 and Celeron D, to be the last single-core Intel processor.

There are now known Pentium E1000 3, respectively, E1060, E1040, E1020, clocked at 1.8GHz, 1.6GHz, 1.4GHz, FSB 800MHz, 2 cache 1MB, and now a similar Presler core Pentium 4. Celeron D series, the specific number is unknown, but will shrink to the front-side bus 533MHz, 2 cache is only 512KB, and the current Celeron D Cedar Mill core similar.

But that's always going to go. The second quarter of next year, Intel's desktop processor shipments will be 50% of all Core 2 Duo, Pentium D is only 24%, Pentium 4 and Celeron D together, but 16%.


The first half of 2007, Intel desktop processor family






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